1. Masquerade dance festival - Worldnews.com
20 Feb 2010 ... This is the Ojionu-Masquerade in Aguata Igbo land, Biafra, Nigeria, Africa. Nke a bu egwu ojionu nke ndi Ezinifite Aguata nke di na Anambara ...article.wn.com/view/2010/02/20/Masquerade_dance_festival/ - Cached
2. "Burn the mmonwu": contradictions and contestations in masquerade ...
22 Dec 2008 ... A notable masquerade, Okue-ekwe ('beater of gong'), was adopted in 1936 from Ezinifite, a neighboring community, by young men at Umueze ...www.thefreelibrary.com › ... › African Arts › December 22, 2008 - Cached - Similar
3. Videos for ezinifite masquerade
The famous Oji-onu masquerade (ogbamgbada)10 min - 20 Apr 2008www.youtube.com
War dancer climbs palm-tree without rope8 min - 29 Aug 2007www.youtube.com
4. Masquerade
14 Jul 2009 ... This is the Ojionu-Masquerade in Aguata Igbo land, Biafra, Nigeria, Africa. Nke a bu egwu ojionu nke ndi Ezinifite Aguata nke di na
Source:http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&q=ezinifite+masguerade&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=
Wednesday, 26 May 2010
Tuesday, 25 May 2010
Leter of Consent for Interview and Questionnaires format
University of Greenwich
Business School
Department of Marketing, Event & Tourism.
Old Royal Naval College
Park Row
Greenwich
London SE10 9LS
Telephone: +44 20 8331 8000
24th April,2010.
Mr J. M. Umeakuka.
Chairman ,
Anambra State Tourism Board,
Akwa.
25/04/2010
Dear Sir
Letter of consent for interview
My name is Umeokoli Peter, and I am currently preparing my thesis as part of a Masters degree in International Tourism Management at the University of Greenwich, England. My thesis aims to examine whether the development of tourism can be a solution to rural-urban migration, and the village of Ezinifite will be used as a case study focus.
I am planning to conduct interviews with several key local respondents for their views on why people migrate from Ezinifite to urban areas, what problems this causes for the town, and whether there is potential for tourism development to play a role in reversing this trend of rural-urban migration. I am very interested to hear your views on this topic and would be grateful if you would agree to take part in an interview. I am visiting Ezinifite on … dates… to carry out the interviews and would like to organise a meeting time and place that is convenient for you. The interview will last approximately 30 minutes.
The interviews will be recorded, but I guarantee that your views will remain anonymous and will only be used for the purposes of academic research. The results of the study will be made available to you.
I look forward to hearing from you shortly.
Your sincerely
Peter Umeokoli
Sample
Key local respondents
(a) Village head (3)
(b) Farmer (1)
(c) Transport owners association (1)
(d) Community president (1)
(e) Traditional ruler of Ezinifite (1)
(f) Oil mile industry (1)
(g) Bar/restaurant (1)
Urban respondent
(a) Tourism board officers (2)
(b) town Planning authority (1)
Interview
(A) Migration
1. Can you describe the population changes you have noticed in Ezinifite in recent years?
Prompts:
- have you noticed the population increase or decrease?
- Have you noticed a change in the number of men and women?
- Have you noticed a change in the prosperity of the town?
- When did you notice these changes? Are they still happening now?
2. What do you think are the causes for these changes?
Prompts:
- why are people leaving town?
- What is the economic situation in Ezinifite?
- What is the employment situation in Ezinifite?
- What is encouraging people to migrate to urban areas?
3. What kinds of problems has Ezinifite experienced since these changes?
Prompts:
- are there enough working men?
- are there enough young people? IS there an ageing population?
- what does this mean for the town?
- Has the economy suffered?
4. How do you feel about the situation in Ezinifite?
- does this affect you personally?
- does this affect your business/organisation?
(B) Present Tourism in Ezinifite
5. What do you think are the main industries in the town?
- what makes money?
- What contributes to the economy?
6. What is the largest employer?
7. Do you think that Ezinifite currently has a tourism industry?
Prompts:
- is there anything in Ezinifite that attracts visitors?
- where are these visitors from?
- why are they coming here?
- how long do they stay?
- where do they stay?
8. Can you describe to me any festivals in Ezinifite?
Prompts:
- where are the festival visitors from?
- how long do they stay?
- how many people do you think it attracts?
- how does this festival benefit local economy?
- Do you consider this festival to be a ‘tourist attraction’?
- Do you think it has the potential to attract more visitors from here and abroad?
(C) Tourism as a solution to rural-urban migration.
9. What other aspects of Ezinifite could attract tourists?
- community
- natural features
- local products
- local festivals/events
10. Do you think tourism would have the potential to reverse the trend of rural-urban migration?
(D) Potential tourism developments product.
11. What are your views about the potential of the following tourism products for the town?
(ask about each in turn)
Farm Tourism
Local crafts demonstrations
… a third product?
- do you think any of these tourism products would attract domestic visitors?
- International visitors?
- Do you think they have the potential to contribute significantly to the local economy?
- Do you think they have the potential to reverse – or at least reduce - rural to urban migration?
12. If not tourism, what else do you think would help to reverse rural to urban migration?
Business School
Department of Marketing, Event & Tourism.
Old Royal Naval College
Park Row
Greenwich
London SE10 9LS
Telephone: +44 20 8331 8000
24th April,2010.
Mr J. M. Umeakuka.
Chairman ,
Anambra State Tourism Board,
Akwa.
25/04/2010
Dear Sir
Letter of consent for interview
My name is Umeokoli Peter, and I am currently preparing my thesis as part of a Masters degree in International Tourism Management at the University of Greenwich, England. My thesis aims to examine whether the development of tourism can be a solution to rural-urban migration, and the village of Ezinifite will be used as a case study focus.
I am planning to conduct interviews with several key local respondents for their views on why people migrate from Ezinifite to urban areas, what problems this causes for the town, and whether there is potential for tourism development to play a role in reversing this trend of rural-urban migration. I am very interested to hear your views on this topic and would be grateful if you would agree to take part in an interview. I am visiting Ezinifite on … dates… to carry out the interviews and would like to organise a meeting time and place that is convenient for you. The interview will last approximately 30 minutes.
The interviews will be recorded, but I guarantee that your views will remain anonymous and will only be used for the purposes of academic research. The results of the study will be made available to you.
I look forward to hearing from you shortly.
Your sincerely
Peter Umeokoli
Sample
Key local respondents
(a) Village head (3)
(b) Farmer (1)
(c) Transport owners association (1)
(d) Community president (1)
(e) Traditional ruler of Ezinifite (1)
(f) Oil mile industry (1)
(g) Bar/restaurant (1)
Urban respondent
(a) Tourism board officers (2)
(b) town Planning authority (1)
Interview
(A) Migration
1. Can you describe the population changes you have noticed in Ezinifite in recent years?
Prompts:
- have you noticed the population increase or decrease?
- Have you noticed a change in the number of men and women?
- Have you noticed a change in the prosperity of the town?
- When did you notice these changes? Are they still happening now?
2. What do you think are the causes for these changes?
Prompts:
- why are people leaving town?
- What is the economic situation in Ezinifite?
- What is the employment situation in Ezinifite?
- What is encouraging people to migrate to urban areas?
3. What kinds of problems has Ezinifite experienced since these changes?
Prompts:
- are there enough working men?
- are there enough young people? IS there an ageing population?
- what does this mean for the town?
- Has the economy suffered?
4. How do you feel about the situation in Ezinifite?
- does this affect you personally?
- does this affect your business/organisation?
(B) Present Tourism in Ezinifite
5. What do you think are the main industries in the town?
- what makes money?
- What contributes to the economy?
6. What is the largest employer?
7. Do you think that Ezinifite currently has a tourism industry?
Prompts:
- is there anything in Ezinifite that attracts visitors?
- where are these visitors from?
- why are they coming here?
- how long do they stay?
- where do they stay?
8. Can you describe to me any festivals in Ezinifite?
Prompts:
- where are the festival visitors from?
- how long do they stay?
- how many people do you think it attracts?
- how does this festival benefit local economy?
- Do you consider this festival to be a ‘tourist attraction’?
- Do you think it has the potential to attract more visitors from here and abroad?
(C) Tourism as a solution to rural-urban migration.
9. What other aspects of Ezinifite could attract tourists?
- community
- natural features
- local products
- local festivals/events
10. Do you think tourism would have the potential to reverse the trend of rural-urban migration?
(D) Potential tourism developments product.
11. What are your views about the potential of the following tourism products for the town?
(ask about each in turn)
Farm Tourism
Local crafts demonstrations
… a third product?
- do you think any of these tourism products would attract domestic visitors?
- International visitors?
- Do you think they have the potential to contribute significantly to the local economy?
- Do you think they have the potential to reverse – or at least reduce - rural to urban migration?
12. If not tourism, what else do you think would help to reverse rural to urban migration?
Draft Research Proposal
Title:Cultural Tourism the Solution to the Rural-Urban Migration in Developing Countries’?
Objectives:1. To examine the reasons for rural-Urban migration.
2. To investigate the current social- economic conditions in Nigeria.
3. To identify the problems rural-urban migration caused to the study area.
4. Explore the tourism industry in Nigeria
5. To evaluate the potential of cultural tourism in reversing rural-urban.
Literature sources Available
Afolabi, M.(2007) Rural-Urban migration and productivity in the Nigeria agricultural sector: University of Western Ontario.
Agesia,R.U (2001)’Migration and the Urban to Rural Earnings Differences: A sample selection Approach’ Journal of Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 49, 847- 865.
Anderson, L.E (2002) Rural-Urban Migration in Bolivia: Advantages and Disadvantages. Bolivia: Institute for Socio-Economic Research.
Anrı´quez, G and Stloukal, L (2008) rural population change in developing countries: lessons for policymaking; European View (2008) 7:309–317.
Atkinson,H, Marcjanna,M,A, Boxter,I, Beach,J, Bill,K and Buhalis,D (2006)Developing mass tourism in developing nation edited by Beech. J and Chadwick, in ’The Business of Tourism Management, Harlow: Prentice Hall.
Bank, U (1989) The community Tourism Industry Imperatives. State College, PA: Venture Publisher.
Brohman, J. (1996) New Directions in Tourism for Third World Development. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(1), 48–70.
Burns, P.M. (2004) Tourism Planning: A Third World? Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 24–43.
Caldwell,J.C(1968)’Determinants of Rural-Urban Migration in Ghana’, Population Study, 12 (3):361-377.
Cravaco,R(1995)’Rural tourism :The Creation of New Tourist Space’, In Montanari,A and Williams, A(eds)European Tourism: Regions, Spaces and Restructuring, Chichester : Wiley and Sons,129-149.
Creswell. J.W (2009)Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches(3rd edn).London :Sage.
Flick, U. (2007) The Designing qualitative research. London: Sage.
Ghauri, P.and Granhang,K( 2005) Research Methods in Business Studies, A Practical Guide (3rd eds) Harlow: Prentice Hall.
Greenwood (1975) Research on internal migration in the United States “Journal of
Economic Literature 13:397-433.
Godfrey,E. M(1969)’Labour Surplus Models and Labour-Deficit Economies: The West African Case’, Economic Development and Cultural Change,17(3)382-391.
Essang,.S. M(1970)’The distribution of earnings in the cocoa economy of west Nigeria: implications for development’ unpublished PhD. Dissertation Michigan state University.
Essang, S.M and Mabawonku, A.F (1974)’Determinants and Impact of Rural-Urban Migration, a case study of selected communities in west Africa’, African Rural Employment Paper no 10.
Hall, C.M (2005) Tourism rethinking the social science of mobility, Harlow: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Harrison, D. (1992) Tourism and the Less Developed Countries, London: Belhaven Press.
Jankowicz,A.D.(1991) Business Research Projects for Students, London ;Champman and Hall.
Lea, J. (1988) Tourism and Development in the Third World, London and New York. Routledge.
Lickorish, J.J. and Jenkins, C.L (2005)An introduction to Tourism: oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
Knight, J.B (1972)’Rural-Urban income comparison and migration in Ghana’ Bulletin of Oxford University institutes of economics and social statistics, 34 (2): 199-228.
MacLeod, N.,(2006)’Cultural tourism; Aspects of Authenticity and commodification’ Smith, M. K., and Robinson, M (Eds.) Cultural Tourism in a Changing World: politics, Participation and (re)presentation. Clevedon: Channel View.
Mair,H.,Reid,D.G and George,W(2005)Globalisation, Rural Tourism and Community Power IN Hall,D,.Kirkpatrick,I and Mitchell,M (eds) Rural Tourism and Sustainable Business. Clevedon: Channel View.
Mabogunje, Akin. (1970)’ migration policy and regional development in Nigeria’ The Nigeria Journal of Economics and Social Studies,12(2) 243-262).
Mowforth, M. And Munt,I.(1998) Tourism and Sustainability: Development and New Tourism in the Third World. London: Routledge,
Novelli, M and Humavindu (2005) wildlife tourism- wildlife use vs local gains: trophy hunting in Namibia edited by Novelli, M in Niche tourism contemporary issues, trends and cases, oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
Oppermann, M.( 1996)’Rural Tourism in Southern Germany’, Annals of Tourism Research23, 1:86-102.
Rourke, B.E and Sakiyi-Gyinea, S.K(1971)’Agricultural AND Urban wage rate in Ghana’, Economic Bulletin of Ghana, 2(1): 3-13.
Reid, D.G. (2003) Tourism, Globalization and Development, London: Pluto Press,
Sabot, R.H (1971)’Urban migration in Tanzania ‘, Unpublished paper, Economic Research Bureau, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam Tanzania.
Richard and Sharpley,J( 1997) Rural Tourism: An Introduction. London: Thomson Press.
Rossman, G .B. and Rallis, S.F (1998) Learning in the Field: An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., and Thornhill. A (2009) Research method for Business student (5th edn).Harlow: Pearson Education
Scheyvens, R. (2002) Tourism for Development: empowering communities. Harlow.
Pearson Education Limited,
Sharpley, R. (2002) Sustainability: a Barrier to Tourism Development, in R. Sharpley and
D.J. Telfer (eds) Tourism and Development:. Clevedon Channel View Publications. Concepts and Issues, 319–337.
Sieber, J.E. (1998) Planning ethically responsible research. In Bickman, L, and Rog, D.J(eds) Handbook of applied social research methods(pp.127-156) .Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Telfer, D.J. (2002) The Evolution of Tourism and Development Theory, in R. Sharpley and D.J. Telfer (eds) Tourism and Development: Clevedon: Channel View Publications Concepts and Issues, 35–78.
Teye, V. (2001 ) Africa, (ed) Lockwood, A and Medlik, S in Tourism and Hospitality in the 21st Century, oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
Wall, G, and Mathieson, A(2006)Tourism change, impacts and opportunities. Harlow: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Warriner,D (1970)’Problem of Rural-Urban Migration: Some Suggestion for Investigation, ‘International Labour Review, 101(5): 441-451.
US Library of Congress, (I982 )’Urbanization’(online)Available from http://www.country-studies.com/nigeria/urbanization/html Accessed 12April,2010.
DFID,( 2004 )’Rural-Urban Development Case Study- Nigeria ‘, Oxford Policy Management (online) Available at http://www.passlivelihoods.org.uk/sitefiles%/5Cfiles5Creports%5cproject 167%5CNigeria%20Rural%Urban%Change%20case%20Study RUO173.pdf.Accessed 13April,2010.
World Tourism Organization (2002)’Tourism and Poverty Alleviation. World Tourism Organization, Madrid.
World Tourism Organization (2005)’Tourism and Poverty Alleviation. World Tourism Organization, Madrid.
Research method: ‘Qualitative Method’ Interview.
Source: Peter Umeokoli
Objectives:1. To examine the reasons for rural-Urban migration.
2. To investigate the current social- economic conditions in Nigeria.
3. To identify the problems rural-urban migration caused to the study area.
4. Explore the tourism industry in Nigeria
5. To evaluate the potential of cultural tourism in reversing rural-urban.
Literature sources Available
Afolabi, M.(2007) Rural-Urban migration and productivity in the Nigeria agricultural sector: University of Western Ontario.
Agesia,R.U (2001)’Migration and the Urban to Rural Earnings Differences: A sample selection Approach’ Journal of Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 49, 847- 865.
Anderson, L.E (2002) Rural-Urban Migration in Bolivia: Advantages and Disadvantages. Bolivia: Institute for Socio-Economic Research.
Anrı´quez, G and Stloukal, L (2008) rural population change in developing countries: lessons for policymaking; European View (2008) 7:309–317.
Atkinson,H, Marcjanna,M,A, Boxter,I, Beach,J, Bill,K and Buhalis,D (2006)Developing mass tourism in developing nation edited by Beech. J and Chadwick, in ’The Business of Tourism Management, Harlow: Prentice Hall.
Bank, U (1989) The community Tourism Industry Imperatives. State College, PA: Venture Publisher.
Brohman, J. (1996) New Directions in Tourism for Third World Development. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(1), 48–70.
Burns, P.M. (2004) Tourism Planning: A Third World? Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 24–43.
Caldwell,J.C(1968)’Determinants of Rural-Urban Migration in Ghana’, Population Study, 12 (3):361-377.
Cravaco,R(1995)’Rural tourism :The Creation of New Tourist Space’, In Montanari,A and Williams, A(eds)European Tourism: Regions, Spaces and Restructuring, Chichester : Wiley and Sons,129-149.
Creswell. J.W (2009)Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches(3rd edn).London :Sage.
Flick, U. (2007) The Designing qualitative research. London: Sage.
Ghauri, P.and Granhang,K( 2005) Research Methods in Business Studies, A Practical Guide (3rd eds) Harlow: Prentice Hall.
Greenwood (1975) Research on internal migration in the United States “Journal of
Economic Literature 13:397-433.
Godfrey,E. M(1969)’Labour Surplus Models and Labour-Deficit Economies: The West African Case’, Economic Development and Cultural Change,17(3)382-391.
Essang,.S. M(1970)’The distribution of earnings in the cocoa economy of west Nigeria: implications for development’ unpublished PhD. Dissertation Michigan state University.
Essang, S.M and Mabawonku, A.F (1974)’Determinants and Impact of Rural-Urban Migration, a case study of selected communities in west Africa’, African Rural Employment Paper no 10.
Hall, C.M (2005) Tourism rethinking the social science of mobility, Harlow: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Harrison, D. (1992) Tourism and the Less Developed Countries, London: Belhaven Press.
Jankowicz,A.D.(1991) Business Research Projects for Students, London ;Champman and Hall.
Lea, J. (1988) Tourism and Development in the Third World, London and New York. Routledge.
Lickorish, J.J. and Jenkins, C.L (2005)An introduction to Tourism: oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
Knight, J.B (1972)’Rural-Urban income comparison and migration in Ghana’ Bulletin of Oxford University institutes of economics and social statistics, 34 (2): 199-228.
MacLeod, N.,(2006)’Cultural tourism; Aspects of Authenticity and commodification’ Smith, M. K., and Robinson, M (Eds.) Cultural Tourism in a Changing World: politics, Participation and (re)presentation. Clevedon: Channel View.
Mair,H.,Reid,D.G and George,W(2005)Globalisation, Rural Tourism and Community Power IN Hall,D,.Kirkpatrick,I and Mitchell,M (eds) Rural Tourism and Sustainable Business. Clevedon: Channel View.
Mabogunje, Akin. (1970)’ migration policy and regional development in Nigeria’ The Nigeria Journal of Economics and Social Studies,12(2) 243-262).
Mowforth, M. And Munt,I.(1998) Tourism and Sustainability: Development and New Tourism in the Third World. London: Routledge,
Novelli, M and Humavindu (2005) wildlife tourism- wildlife use vs local gains: trophy hunting in Namibia edited by Novelli, M in Niche tourism contemporary issues, trends and cases, oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
Oppermann, M.( 1996)’Rural Tourism in Southern Germany’, Annals of Tourism Research23, 1:86-102.
Rourke, B.E and Sakiyi-Gyinea, S.K(1971)’Agricultural AND Urban wage rate in Ghana’, Economic Bulletin of Ghana, 2(1): 3-13.
Reid, D.G. (2003) Tourism, Globalization and Development, London: Pluto Press,
Sabot, R.H (1971)’Urban migration in Tanzania ‘, Unpublished paper, Economic Research Bureau, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam Tanzania.
Richard and Sharpley,J( 1997) Rural Tourism: An Introduction. London: Thomson Press.
Rossman, G .B. and Rallis, S.F (1998) Learning in the Field: An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., and Thornhill. A (2009) Research method for Business student (5th edn).Harlow: Pearson Education
Scheyvens, R. (2002) Tourism for Development: empowering communities. Harlow.
Pearson Education Limited,
Sharpley, R. (2002) Sustainability: a Barrier to Tourism Development, in R. Sharpley and
D.J. Telfer (eds) Tourism and Development:. Clevedon Channel View Publications. Concepts and Issues, 319–337.
Sieber, J.E. (1998) Planning ethically responsible research. In Bickman, L, and Rog, D.J(eds) Handbook of applied social research methods(pp.127-156) .Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Telfer, D.J. (2002) The Evolution of Tourism and Development Theory, in R. Sharpley and D.J. Telfer (eds) Tourism and Development: Clevedon: Channel View Publications Concepts and Issues, 35–78.
Teye, V. (2001 ) Africa, (ed) Lockwood, A and Medlik, S in Tourism and Hospitality in the 21st Century, oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
Wall, G, and Mathieson, A(2006)Tourism change, impacts and opportunities. Harlow: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Warriner,D (1970)’Problem of Rural-Urban Migration: Some Suggestion for Investigation, ‘International Labour Review, 101(5): 441-451.
US Library of Congress, (I982 )’Urbanization’(online)Available from http://www.country-studies.com/nigeria/urbanization/html Accessed 12April,2010.
DFID,( 2004 )’Rural-Urban Development Case Study- Nigeria ‘, Oxford Policy Management (online) Available at http://www.passlivelihoods.org.uk/sitefiles%/5Cfiles5Creports%5cproject 167%5CNigeria%20Rural%Urban%Change%20case%20Study RUO173.pdf.Accessed 13April,2010.
World Tourism Organization (2002)’Tourism and Poverty Alleviation. World Tourism Organization, Madrid.
World Tourism Organization (2005)’Tourism and Poverty Alleviation. World Tourism Organization, Madrid.
Research method: ‘Qualitative Method’ Interview.
Source: Peter Umeokoli
Migrant Africa
The history of African migration is as old as the history of the continent. Population movement for political economic religious and security reasons, as well as in response to demographic factors, has been recorded from early times. More recently, however, the patterns, directions and motivations of migration have been deeply affected by the colonial experience, which in turn influenced economic, social, cultural, political and demographic development.
The decision to migrate is trigged first and foremost by economic considerations. People migrate to improve their economic well-being and when they are unable to satisfy their aspirations within the existing opportunity structure in their locality. This does not, of course, apply to those displaced by natural disasters, such as drought or famine, or those fleeing war or political oppression.
Source:Aderanti Adepoju (1992)Migrant Africa available at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1992_Jan/ai_11921836/ Accessed 28/03/2010.
The decision to migrate is trigged first and foremost by economic considerations. People migrate to improve their economic well-being and when they are unable to satisfy their aspirations within the existing opportunity structure in their locality. This does not, of course, apply to those displaced by natural disasters, such as drought or famine, or those fleeing war or political oppression.
Source:Aderanti Adepoju (1992)Migrant Africa available at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1992_Jan/ai_11921836/ Accessed 28/03/2010.
Rural-Urban migration in Africa: TheorY, Policies and Research Implication by Derek Byerlee.
Throughout the developing world, countries are experiencing rapid rate of urbanization. In Africa, urban growth are among the highest in the world, averaging about 7 percent annually, with several cities having growth rate in excess of 10 percent.Associated with this urbanisation has been a large increase in open urban unemployment which generally aceeds 10 percent of urban labour force and consists largely of young school leavers.
Rural urban migration accounts for over half the growth of most African cities. At the same time out migration of labor from agriculture has been one factor leading to national food deficits and rising food prices in many African countries. For this reasons, there is wide spread concern that the rate of rura-urban migration should be slowed.
source:International migration review, Vol. 8.No,4.(Winter 1974) pp.546-566. published by: The centre for migration studies of new york . Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/3002204 accessed 30/03/2010.
Rural urban migration accounts for over half the growth of most African cities. At the same time out migration of labor from agriculture has been one factor leading to national food deficits and rising food prices in many African countries. For this reasons, there is wide spread concern that the rate of rura-urban migration should be slowed.
source:International migration review, Vol. 8.No,4.(Winter 1974) pp.546-566. published by: The centre for migration studies of new york . Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/3002204 accessed 30/03/2010.
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